A. H., ManojKumar, S. N., Lanquar, V., Grossmann, G., Frommer, W. B. In addition to stomatal regulation, ABA also substantially controls germination arrest in seeds. In this review, we summarize recent advances in research on drought stress responses, focusing on long-distance signaling from roots to shoots, ABA synthesis and transport, and metabolic regulation in both cellular and whole-plant levels of Arabidopsis and crops. Overexpression of an Arabidopsis thaliana galactinol synthase gene improves drought tolerance in transgenic rice and increased grain yield in the field. A stress-specific response at the metabolite level can be the result of transient inhibition or activation of a specific metabolic pathway due to the properties of enzymes under stress conditions, such as temperature, oxidation, and ion concentrations (Obata and Fernie, 2012). doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.02.011, Cook, D., Fowler, S., Fiehn, O., Thomashow, M. F. (2004). (2020). In transgenic rice seedlings, increased ABA accumulation was specific to the Lr34res-expressing lines, which correlated with the induction of ABA-regulated genes, physiological alterations, and disease resistance. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-1244-1_11, Takahashi, F., Suzuki, T., Osakabe, Y., Betsuyaku, S., Kondo, Y., Dohmae, N., et al. 147 (3), 1251–1263. Biochem. FEBS Lett. The MCA1 and MCA2 act as sensors of cell wall tension in plants because MCA1 and MCA2 functionally complemented the lethal phenotype of the mid1 mutant in yeast. U. Abscisic acid transporters cooperate to control seed germination. Want an ad-free experience?Subscribe to Independent Premium. Although most research has focused on the contribution of plant-associated microbial communities to plant growth and disease suppression, far less is known about the microbes involved in drought resistance among desert plants. (2002). Stay green plants are characterized by a post-flowering drought resistance phenotype that gives plants resistance to premature senescence, stalk rot, and lodging when subjected to drought during grain-filling. This work was supported by the Project of the NARO Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution under Grant Number 29002A (to FT), by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP18H04792 (to FT), JP19H03255 (to FT), JP17K07458 (to TK), JP15H05960 (to KY-S), and JP18H03996 (to KY-S), by research grants from the Toray Science Foundation (to FT), by The Research Grant against Global Warming of the Ichimura Foundation for New Technology (to TK), and by the Fuji Foundation for Protein Research (to TK). Regulatory Gene Networks in Drought Stress Responses and Resistance in Plants. Plant J. New Phytol. However, it remains unclear how plants perceive drought stress conditions and transmit that information into the cell to regulate ABA accumulation for the acquisition of drought stress resistance. These factors are known as abiotic or no biotic factors. Amino Acids 39 (4), 933–947. 23 (6), 513–522. Arabidopsis Book 8, e0140. Gain and loss of function of ATHK1/AHK1 showed that ATHK1/AHK1 mediates drought stress responses and resistance through ABA accumulation and drought stress-induced gene expression (Tran et al., 2007; Wohlbach et al., 2008). Plant Sci. 7 (5), 751–760. ABA triggers an increase in Ca2+ currents through the activation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is a major component of ROS in guard cells (Hamilton et al., 2000; Pei et al., 2000). Acad. U. Am. 44 (5), 826–839. (2012). Natl. Many genes have been tested in greenhouses, but few of them have proven to be useful in the field. Plant Sci. CLE9 peptide-induced stomatal closure is mediated by abscisic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide in Arabidopsis thaliana. 26 (17), 1984–1996. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04641.x, Kuromori, T., Sugimoto, E., Shinozaki, K. (2014). Mol. Further analyses are needed to understand how plants recognize water-deficit conditions at each organ. It is therefore essential to breed water-saving and … Plant Biol. Plant J. Integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome analyses in Arabidopsis is important not only for the comprehensive analysis of metabolic networks but also for the analyses of specific regulatory networks in stress-related metabolism, especially ABA-dependent and independent pathways (Urano et al., 2009; Urano et al., 2010; Cramer et al., 2011). Science 331 (6017), 582–585. Proc. By contrast, the OsPM1-overexpression lines showed an obvious drought resistance phenotype, and their survival rates were much higher than those of wild-type plants under water stress conditions, probably because OsPM1 might be involved in ABA-induced stomatal closure. 11:163. doi: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-163, Cutler, S. R., Rodriguez, P. L., Finkelstein, R. R., Abrams, S. R. (2010). Acad. Curr. An additional study showed that plasma membrane localization of AtABCG25 was regulated by abiotic stress and ABA (Park et al., 2016). Natl. Arabidopsis thaliana NGATHA1 transcription factor induces ABA biosynthesis by activating NCED3 gene during dehydration stress. Deficiency 77 (1), 13–20. (2010). These results indicate that the increased tolerance to freezing stress in transgenic plants overexpressing AtDREB1A may depend on the accumulation of low-temperature regulated metabolites, especially sucrose, raffinose, galactinol, and myo-inositol. Drought-resistant plants share a mechanism known as crassulacean acid metabolism, or CAM, which allows them to survive despite low levels of water. Creating drought to test drought resistance Feb 2, 2017 Crops. (2007). Involvement of soluble sugars in reactive oxygen species balance and responses to oxidative stress in plants. Plant metabolomics: towards biological function and mechanism. 461 (3), 205–210. We also discuss coordinated mechanisms for acquiring drought stress adaptations and resistance via tissue-to-tissue communication and long-distance signaling. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. Similarly, transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses of the PSEUDO RESPONSE REGULATOR (PRR) arrhythmic triple mutant revealed that the AtDREB1A/CBF gene and raffinose accumulation are regulated by the circadian clock in anticipation of colder night temperatures (Fukushima et al., 2009). Plant Physiol. The subclass III SnRK2 signaling pathway is important for the modulation of organic acid and amino acid metabolism and leaf growth under nonstress conditions by fine-tuning flux through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (Yoshida et al., 2019). (2011). 16 (3), 293–300. 164 (4), 1759–1771. Cell 70 (6), 991–992. Plant Breeding for Drought Resistance Introduction: There are several environmental factors that have adverse effects on normal growth ad development of crop plants. Transcript and metabolite profiling during cold acclimation of Arabidopsis reveals an intricate relationship of cold-regulated gene expression with modifications in metabolite content. MtABCG20 is an ABA exporter influencing root morphology and seed germination of Medicago truncatula. (2006). In particular, the low-temperature-inducible accumulation of galactinol and raffinose is correlated with the expression of the galactinol synthase 3 (AtGols3) gene, which is a direct target of AtDREB1A/CBF3 (Cook et al., 2004; Maruyama et al., 2009). Plant J. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03234.x, Christmann, A., Grill, E., Huang, J. 47, 106–111. Plant J. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04599.x, Lee, K. P., Piskurewicz, U., Tureckova, V., Carat, S., Chappuis, R., Strnad, M., et al. The acquisition of drought stress resistance occurs as a result of complex physiological signals, such as hydraulic, peptide, ABA, ROS, and calcium ion (Ca 2+) current signals, in plants. Getting to grips with the plant metabolic network. Articles, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain. Plant Cell 11 (9), 1743–1754. Sci. 7:11486. doi: 10.1038/ncomms11486, Thalmann, M., Pazmino, D., Seung, D., Horrer, D., Nigro, A., Meier, T., et al. Root-associated microbes can improve plant growth, and they offer the potential to increase crop resilience to future drought. Metabolome analyses showed that a variety of primary metabolites act collectively as compatible solutes. (2016). Science 159 (3822), 1943. doi: 10.1126/science.159.3822.1493, Bartels, D., Sunkar, R. (2005). Sussmilch, F. C., Brodribb, T. J., McAdam, S. A. M. (2017). 77 (3), 367–379. Plants are subjected to complex abiotic stress conditions in their natural habitats. Oryza sativa PLASMA MEMBRANE PROTEIN 1 (OsPM1) belongs to a protein family named ABA-induced Wheat Plasma Membrane polypeptide-19 (AWPM-19), whose functions were previously unknown. Opin. (2016). doi: 10.1111/pce.13475, Keywords: drought stress, abscisic acid, peptides, transporters, protein kinases, metabolites, tissue-to-tissue communication, Citation: Takahashi F, Kuromori T, Urano K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K and Shinozaki K (2020) Drought Stress Responses and Resistance in Plants: From Cellular Responses to Long-Distance Intercellular Communication. 58, 115–131. Plant Biol. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0403218101, Hoekstra, F. A., Golovina, E. A., Buitink, J. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.096644, Jones, A. M., Danielson, J. Crop production is one the world’s largest consumers of fresh water, a supply under threat by a growing world population and increased urbanisation. doi: 10.1104/pp.110.163683, Kang, J., Hwang, J. U., Lee, M., Kim, Y. Y., Assmann, S. M., Martinoia, E., et al. 33 (11), 1974–1988. 13 (2), 132–138. This could allow crops to be grown in previously impossible environments, or provide them with greater resilience when faced with unfavourable climates. DUF221 proteins are a family of osmosensitive calcium-permeable cation channels conserved across eukaryotes. States America 101 (42), 15243–15248. Lithops. Environmental stress conditions change either rapidly or incrementally. Related to another ABA transporter described above in the ABC family, AtABCG25 was also included among four transporter genes found by genetic screening in AICs (Kovinich et al., 2018). Because of its durability and broad-spectrum specificity, the Lr34 gene has been applied as one of the most frequently used disease resistance genes in wheat breeding. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1995.07050751.x, Yoshida, T., Fernie, A. R. (2018). doi: 10.1105/tpc.16.00143, Tombesi, S., Nardini, A., Frioni, T., Soccolini, M., Zadra, C., Farinelli, D., et al. These findings support that galactinol and raffinose have a strong ability to protect cells as compatible solutes and ROS scavengers under several types of environmental stresses, such as dry field conditions. The atmate45 mutant exhibited delayed germination of seeds, reduced rosette biomass, increased numbers of inflorescence stems, and shorter siliques. In particular, BCAAs, such as isoleucine, leucine, and valine, were found to show ABA-dependent regulation at the transcript level under dehydration stress (Urano et al., 2009) and to function as compatible solutes due to their high fold increases in various plant tissues (Joshi et al., 2010; Obata and Fernie, 2012). Plant Cell 18 (5), 1292–1309. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). 11:144:144. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00144. The AtABCG25 promoter was predominantly active in the vascular tissue, and the AtABCG40 promoter had the highest expression in guard cells. Natl. Plant Physiol. AtABCG22 is a closely related member of the same subfamily that was reported to be involved in stomatal closure in Arabidopsis. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erx124, Sweetlove, L. J., Fell, D., Fernie, A. R. (2008). Some plants are naturally adapted to dry conditions, surviving with protection mechanisms such as desiccation tolerance, detoxification, or repair of xylem embolism. In doing so, they found 60 genes that had evolved in the same way in all three different species to give them CAM. Recent studies have suggested that some peptides mediate cell-to-cell and/or long-distance signaling to cover the phytohormones functions (Motomitsu et al., 2015; Notaguchi and Okamoto, 2015; Takahashi and Shinozaki, 2019). doi: 10.1105/tpc.105.035881, Sato, H., Takasaki, H., Takahashi, F., Suzuki, T., Iuchi, S., Mitsuda, N., et al. The acquisition of drought stress resistance occurs as a result of complex physiological signals, such as hydraulic, peptide, ABA, ROS, and calcium ion (Ca2+) current signals, in plants. The promoter-GUS transgenic rice showed that the gene was expressed weakly in vascular tissues, guard cells, and mature embryos under normal conditions and strongly induced by ABA at all these sites. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13492, Christmann, A., Grill, E. (2018). U. S. A. Plant 7 (10), 1522–1532. On the other hand, overexpression of a partial dominant-negative mutant of CLE25 (with a G6T change in the amino acid sequence) inhibited differentiation of the protophloem sieve element (Ren et al., 2019). Higher-order and lower-order reading responses of mentally retarded and nonretarded children at the first-grade level. U. ATHK1/AHK1 complements the function of SLN1 that encodes osmosensing histidine protein kinase in the yeast, indicating that ATHK1/AHK1 can acts as an osmotic stress sensor. Metabolic pathways involved in cold acclimation identified by integrated analysis of metabolites and transcripts regulated by DREB1A and DREB2A. OsPM1 showed strong induction in response to drought in all developmental stages. (2009). (2020). Trends Plant Sci. New Phytol. 134 (4), 1683–1696. Reactive oxygen species homeostasis and signalling during drought and salinity stresses. doi: 10.1007/s10265-015-0710-2, Choi, W. G., Miller, G., Wallace, I., Harper, J., Mittler, R., Gilroy, S. (2017). This was supported by the expression of key genes for proline biosynthesis in Arabidopsis, delta 1-AtP5CS1 and AtP5CS2. These diverse expressions allow the peptide-receptor modules to transmit the information of environmental conditions accurately from the sensing tissues to the target tissues than does the ABA regulatory system. This is consistent with distant ABA mobility and supports the hypothesis that ABA may serve as a mobile signal between vascular tissues and epidermal tissues, including guard cells, to control stomatal appearance (Kuromori and Shinozaki, 2010; Kuromori et al., 2014). doi: 10.1073/pnas.0706547105, Tschoep, H., Gibon, Y., Carillo, P., Armengaud, P., Szecowka, M., Nunes-Nesi, A., et al. In addition, the hydraulic stress caused by turgor loss activates ABA biosynthesis in the leaves (Christmann et al., 2007). ABC transporter AtABCG25 is involved in abscisic acid transport and responses. OSCA1 mediates osmotic-stress-evoked Ca2+ increases vital for osmosensing in Arabidopsis. We apologize to the authors whose work could not be cited due to space limitations. When defense pathways collide. The development of drought-tolerant crops seems to be a promising solution to increase crop yield under water-limited conditions to fulfill the food requirements of increasing world populations (Soni et al., 2015). (2004). Certain kinds of membrane transporters have actually been reported as ABA membrane transporters in recent decades (Boursiac et al., 2013; Kuromori et al., 2018). (2016). J. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0912516107, Kuromori, T., Sugimoto, E., Shinozaki, K. (2011). doi: 10.1104/pp.010572, Maruyama, K., Takeda, M., Kidokoro, S., Yamada, K., Sakuma, Y., Urano, K., et al. doi: 10.1007/s00425-011-1458-0, Liu, X., Wang, J., Sun, L. (2018). High-density kinetic analysis of the metabolomic and transcriptomic response of Arabidopsis to eight environmental conditions. Front. Dynamic plastid redox signals integrate gene expression and metabolism to induce distinct metabolic states in photosynthetic acclimation in Arabidopsis. Soni, P., Nutan, K. K., Soda, N., Nongpiur, R. C., Roy, S., Singla-Pareek, S. L., et al. (2018). Impact of clock-associated Arabidopsis pseudo-response regulators in metabolic coordination. Nature 406 (6797), 731–734. Sci. The critical information on drought stress resistance mechanisms merits further research for future crop innovation. Ed. Integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics for understanding of global responses to nutritional stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana. AtABCG31 and AtABCG30, as well as AtABCG25 and AtABCG40 described above, were shown to serve as ABA exporters and importers, respectively, in Arabidopsis seeds (Kang et al., 2015). Plant J. Rev. 28, 154–162. In response to drought stress conditions, ABA accumulation is enhanced mainly in the vasculature of the leaves because almost all ABA biosynthesis enzymes are expressed in vascular tissues (Kuromori et al., 2018). 6, 8113. doi: 10.1038/ncomms9113, Kanno, Y., Hanada, A., Chiba, Y., Ichikawa, T., Nakazawa, M., Matsui, M., et al. Lr34res-expressing transgenic rice plants also showed alterations in biological processes that are controlled by ABA (Hulbert et al., 2007). 6 (9), 431–438. Planting later in the season will help you … Proc. Overexpression of AhATL1 in Arabidopsis decreased ABA sensitivity and drought resistance by inhibiting drought-induced AtABCG40 expression in guard cells. The phytohormone ABA regulates drought stress responses and resistance at the cellular and intercellular levels in plants. doi: 10.1038/35021067, Pellizzaro, A., Clochard, T., Cukier, C., Bourdin, C., Juchaux, M., Montrichard, F., et al. doi: 10.1111/tpj.14234, Pei, Z. M., Murata, Y., Benning, G., Thomine, S., Klusener, B., Allen, G. J., et al. (2010). Coordinating the overall stomatal response of plants: Rapid leaf-to-leaf communication during light stress. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.06.011, Miller, G., Suzuki, N., Ciftci-Yilmaz, S., Mittler, R. (2010). doi: 10.1002/pld3.87, Krasensky, J., Jonak, C. (2012). Actually, ABA export activity of MtABCG20 was shown by a transport assay using MtABCG20-overexpressing Nicotiana tabacum BY2 cells. CSC1/OSCA1.2 also mediated calcium fluxes in plant cells in response to osmotic stress conditions, although the detailed function of CSC1/OSCA1.2 in plant tissues remains unclear (Liu et al., 2018; Maity et al., 2019). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03748.x, Urano, K., Kurihara, Y., Seki, M., Shinozaki, K. (2010). doi: 10.1073/pnas.0406069101, Couee, I., Sulmon, C., Gouesbet, G., El Amrani, A. J. Ment. Altered levels of proline dehydrogenase cause hypersensitivity to proline and its analogs in Arabidopsis. The orange line indicates the shoot-to-shoot signals of ROS/Ca2+ waves to mediate stomatal closure under stress conditions. Essays Biochem. Exp. They are very soluble in water and nontoxic at high concentrations, and they function to sustain the ordered vicinal water around proteins by decreasing protein-solvent interactions at low water activities (Bartels and Sunkar, 2005). (Redirected from Drought resistance) Drought tolerance is the ability to which a plant maintains its biomass production during arid or drought conditions. Plant J. (2016). Adjustment of growth and central metabolism to a mild but sustained nitrogen-limitation in Arabidopsis. Signaling 11 (518), eaam9514. Curr. Together, these data indicate that MtABCG20 is an ABA transporter that influences root morphology and nodulation in Medicago truncatula (Ding et al., 2008). States America 107 (5), 2361–2366. 51, 88–95. Plant Res. Nature 578 (7796), 577–581. (2018). Plant Cell 7 (7), 1085–1097. The drought stress responses of vascular plants are complex regulatory mechanisms because they include various physiological responses from signal perception under water deficit conditions to the acquisition of drought stress resistance at the whole-plant level. Abscisic acid is a substrate of the ABC transporter encoded by the durable wheat disease resistance gene Lr34. Major flavonoids, such as flavonols (kaempferols and quercetins) and anthocyanins (cyanidins), increase in response to drought stress to enhance stress tolerance (Nakabayashi et al., 2014a; Nakabayashi et al., 2014b). 285 (30), 23371–23386. maize, rice, sorghum). Plant Physiol. doi: 10.1007/s00726-010-0505-7, Jun, J., Fiume, E., Roeder, A. H., Meng, L., Sharma, V. K., Osmont, K. S., et al. Nat. Metabolite profiling of Arabidopsis responses to combined dehydration and heat stress (Rizhsky et al., 2004) has revealed that proline shows the highest accumulation among all metabolites under dehydration stress. Plant in groupings or hexagonal offset patterns rather than in rows when growing drought tolerant vegetables. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-97-9-1083, Hwang, J. U., Song, W. Y., Hong, D., Ko, D., Yamaoka, Y., Jang, S., et al. Plant Cell 30 (12), 2973–2987. (2008). Vitis vinifera regulates stomatal closure primarily in response to water deficit conditions, and then accumulates ABA to maintain the status of closed stomata (Tombesi et al., 2015). Less sensitivity to exogenously applied ABA during seed germination and initial growth in seedlings was observed in npf4.6 mutants than in wild-type plants. Arabidopsis galactinol synthase AtGolS2 improves drought tolerance in the monocot model Brachypodium distachyon. Nodulation is a unique process in legumes, and ABA acts as a negative regulator of nodule primordium formation in the root cortex tissue (Ding et al., 2008). Plant Physiol. In new work published in The Plant Cell, Dr. Nadine Töpfer from the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, along with colleagues from the University of Oxford in the U.K., analyzed the potential for engineering drought-resistant plants via introduction of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aam9514, Ding, Y., Kalo, P., Yendrek, C., Sun, J., Liang, Y., Marsh, J. F., et al. U. Slight but significant ABA uptake activity of AtMATE45 was detected in E. coli cells expressing AtMATE45. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2032-3, Wulff-Zottele, C., Gatzke, N., Kopka, J., Orellana, A., Hoefgen, R., Fisahn, J., et al. doi: 10.1104/pp.109.135327, Maruyama, K., Urano, K., Yoshiwara, K., Morishita, Y., Sakurai, N., Suzuki, H., et al. Additionally, MtABCG20 showed subcellular localization at the plasma membrane via homodimer formation in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts. MCA1 and MCA2 that mediate Ca2+ uptake have distinct and overlapping roles in Arabidopsis. Sci. A DTX/MATE-type transporter facilitates abscisic acid efflux and modulates ABA sensitivity and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. Plants are more susceptible to drought during flowering and seed development (the reproductive stages), as plant’s resources are deviated to support root growth. 136 (4), 4159–4168. Natl. Proline metabolism and its implications for plant-environment interaction. cle25 mutants show a normal root growth phenotype. NPF4.6 promoter activity was detected in imbibed seeds and vascular tissues of cotyledons, true leaves, hypocotyls, roots, and inflorescence stems using a promoter-reporter system. doi: 10.1111/pce.12669, McLachlan, D. H., Pridgeon, A. J., Hetherington, A. M. (2018). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02199.x, Yamanaka, T., Nakagawa, Y., Mori, K., Nakano, M., Imamura, T., Kataoka, H., et al. “CAM is a proven mechanism for increasing water-use efficiency in plants,” said Dr Xiaohan Yang, a plant biologist at the US Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory and co-author of the new study. Acad. Crops that require less water could be hugely beneficial in semi-arid parts of the world, where crop failures can be disastrous for local populations. 41, 32–38. The ospm1 knockout mutants and knockdown RNAi lines showed greater drought sensitivity than did wild-type plants. More recently, the identification of ABA membrane transporters in the ABC transporter family has been extended to other plant species beyond the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell 21 (9), 2715–2732. doi: 10.1042/bse0580115, Munemasa, S., Hauser, F., Park, J., Waadt, R., Brandt, B., Schroeder, J. I. 103 (1), 197–211. Hydrogen peroxide sensor HPCA1 is an LRR receptor kinase in Arabidopsis. In another transporter family, Arabidopsis thaliana DETOXIFICATION EFFLUX CARRIER 50 (AtDTX50), which belongs to the multidrug and toxin efflux transporter (MATE) family, has also been identified as an ABA transporter in Arabidopsis (Zhang et al., 2014). Sci. AtMATE45 was first identified as one of four transporter genes found by genetic screening to observe anthocyanin pigmentation under anthocyanin induction conditions (AICs). doi: 10.1105/tpc.16.00359, Pawela, A., Banasiak, J., Biala, W., Martinoia, E., Jasinski, M. (2019). J. Exp. Plant Signaling Behav. Both light stress-induced ABA and ROS/Ca2+ mediate stomatal closure in local leaves (Devireddy et al., 2018). Stress-Induced Phenylpropanoid Metabolism. Natl. Such factors include deficiency or toxicity of minerals, moisture deficit and low temperature, soil salinity and alkalinity. Simultaneous determination by capillary gas chromatography of organic acids, sugars, and sugar alcohols in plant tissue extracts as their trimethylsilyl derivatives. Role of the putative osmosensor Arabidopsis histidine kinase1 in dehydration avoidance and low-water-potential response. “These convergent changes in gene expression and protein sequences could be introduced into plants that rely on traditional photosynthesis, accelerating their evolution to become more water-use efficient,” said Dr Yang. In mature seeds, ABA is released from the endosperm toward the embryo to repress seed germination (Lee et al., 2012). Analysis of cytokinin mutants and regulation of cytokinin metabolic genes reveals important regulatory roles of cytokinins in drought, salt and abscisic acid responses, and abscisic acid biosynthesis. Plants display a variety of … In contrast, other sugars and related polyol, raffinose, galactinol, and trehalose were highly accumulated in roots compared with those in shoots under drought stress. The metabolites that respond to various stresses can act as compatible solutes and play a role in fundamental abiotic stress tolerance. doi: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112122, Deppe, J. P., Rabbat, R., Hortensteiner, S., Keller, B., Martinoia, E., Lopez-Marques, R. L. (2018). Mol. doi: 10.1042/BJ20071115, Taji, T., Ohsumi, C., Iuchi, S., Seki, M., Kasuga, M., Kobayashi, M., et al. Plant Cell 17 (9), 2542–2553. Although AtP5CSs are induced by cold, dehydration, mannitol, and salt treatments (Yoshiba et al., 1995; Knight et al., 1997; Urano et al., 2009), they are not altered by heat, methyl viologen, and UV-B treatments in the Arabidopsis eFP Browser (https://bar.utoronto.ca/efp/cgi-bin/efpWeb.cgi) (Winter et al., 2007). Plant Biol. doi: 10.1104/pp.103.033431, Sakuma, Y., Maruyama, K., Osakabe, Y., Qin, F., Seki, M., Shinozaki, K., et al. Compared to the control phenotype, the morphological phenotype of athk1 mutants led to higher relative water loss from the leaves on soil under long-term drought stress conditions. Science 313 (5788), 842–845. DROUGHT RESISTANCE STRATEGY IN CROP PLANTS1 Md. Plant peptide hormone signalling. How Arabidopsis Talks to Itself about Its Water Supply. Natl. Nat. Opin. In a new study, published in the journal Nature Communications, a team of researchers has identified the set of genes underpinning CAM, laying the groundwork for future genetic engineering of food crops. Arabidopsis genes for raffinose biosynthesis were identified by Taji et al., 2002. Drought-induced loss in crop yield probably exceeds losses from all other causes, since both the severity and duration of the stress are critical. 68 (11), 2913–2918. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.10.006, Takahashi, F., Kuromori, T., Sato, H., Shinozaki, K. (2018a). Plant J. Therefore, plants must recognize and respond to stress conditions with a variety of biological signals at appropriate times and speeds for their survival (Takahashi and Shinozaki, 2019). 27 (4), 325–333. This will provide shade from the leaves to keep the soil cooler and water from evaporating. 8, 1150. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01150, Gong, Q., Li, P., Ma, S., Indu Rupassara, S., Bohnert, H. J. Curr. (2010). Therefore, local ROS/Ca2+ waves function as long-distance signals to regulate ABA responses and stomatal closure in systemic leaves under (Devireddy et al., 2018; Yoshida and Fernie, 2018; Kollist et al., 2019) (Figure 1). Researchers have identified the genetic underpinnings of drought resistant plants, 67 (5), 885–894. (2015). States America 97 (9), 4967–4972. Additionally, a novel type of membrane protein has been reported as a rice ABA transporter (Yao et al., 2018). Opin. Plant Physiol. doi: 10.1104/pp.104.052142, Kaplan, F., Kopka, J., Sung, D. Y., Zhao, W., Popp, M., Porat, R., et al. The 14-amino acid CLV3, CLE19, and CLE40 peptides trigger consumption of the root meristem in Arabidopsis through a CLAVATA2-dependent pathway. Effects of abiotic stress on plants: a systems biology perspective. 11 (10), 508–516. For these complex physiological responses in plants, a variety of cellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms are required for short-term responses to prevent water loss via transpiration from guard cells and for long-term adaptations to acquire stress resistance at the whole-plant level (Nakashima et al., 2014; Takahashi et al., 2018a).