The use of juniper in farmhouse brewing has been common in much of northern Europe, seemingly for a very long time. Caryocedrus is a local endemic in SW Asia and SE Europe. The tale of the tallest common juniper. alpina at the lower rank of variety, in which case the correct name is Juniperus communis var. In Eurasia it is mostly an upright tree, though one variety, J. communis var. This is to bring good fortune in love to the chased girls. Seed cones maturing in 2 years, of 2 distinct sizes, with straight peduncles, globose to ovoid, 6-13 mm, bluish black, glaucous, resinous to obscurely woody, with 2-3 seeds. Juniperus communis, the common juniper, is a species of small tree or shrub in the genus Juniperus, in the family Cupressaceae. , http://ents-bbs.org/viewtopic.php?f=395&t=8067, https://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/ita/sardinia/carbonia/14586_spiaggiadipistispistisbeach/, https://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/swe/jonkoping/vaggeryd/19781_ryd/. Hardy to Zone 3 (cold hardiness limit between -39.9°C and -34.4°C) (Bannister and Neuner 2001, variety not specified). [12], The juniper berry oil is composed largely of monoterpene hydrocarbons such as α-pinene, myrcene, sabinene, limonene and β-pinene. Learn how and when to remove this template message, 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42229A2963096.en, "Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Juniper Berry (Juniperus communis L.) Essential Oil. Sect. The two volumes of this extensive and lavishly illustrated 1,500-page work feature about 8,000 cultivars, over 5,000 photographs and all of the world’s 615 conifer species, plus their subspecies and varieties. Relict populations can be found in the Atlas Mountains of Africa. communis on Lüneburg Heath, Germany, species of conifer in the cypress family Cupressaceae. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds. These have a genetic basis, but whether they should be considered subspecies or merely varieties … Adams, Washington [C.J. There are 12 species within the genus Juniperus which grow well in the United States, including the privacy screen or hedge … Common juniper, including its varieties, has the most extensive worldwide native range of any conifer. There are approximately 50 species of junipers and they are found in most countries in the northern hemisphere. http://www.rbge.org.uk/data/celtica/Plantuses.htm#Juniperus, accessed 2001.11.28, now defunct. Go to http://www.efloras.org, click on "Flora of North America," and search for "Juniperus.". 101-120, and his classification is followed in the present revision. It is too small to have any general lumber usage. Adams, R. P., & Pandey, R. N. (2003). Elwes and Henry 1906-1913 at the Biodiversity Heritage Library. smooth, that of larger branchlets exfoliating in strips and plates. jackii had the most distinct oil and contained moderate amounts of α-pinene (16.1–18.9%), δ-3-carene (17.9–28.4%) and β-phellandrene (9.2–13.4%) along with several diterpenes including isoabienol. Phone : 0251-8650 351 | WA : 0899-446-8282 | IG : @poltekakabogor | twitter : @akabogor | E-mail Office : akainfo@aka.ac.id | Pengaduan : pengaduan@aka.ac.id Juniperus is primarily Eurasian, with one species (J. communis) holarctic, the only member of the section in N. America and by far the most widespread single conifer species. Juniperus communis 'Pencil Point' Other names. This is a naturally regenerated plant in habitat [C.J. Commonly recognized North American varieties include: Juniperus communis var. Juniperus. Juniperus communis, the common juniper, is a species of small tree or shrub in the genus Juniperus, in the family Cupressaceae. http://ents-bbs.org/viewtopic.php?f=395&t=8067, accessed 2017.07.28. Common juniper in Ryd in Skillingaryd, Jönköping, Sweden. Adams This is first report on the composition of the leaf essential oils of J. communis L. varieties from the Western Hemisphere. A relatively large plant in a Pinus ponderosa forest on the Aquarius Plateau in Utah. The tree needs a lot of light as a bonsai and should stand in the sun. Aureospica and J. virginiana cv. Uses of some common Scottish plants. [19] In Finland, juniper is used as a key ingredient in making sahti, a traditional Finnish ale. megistocarpa, endemic to maritime eastern Canada, was the most distinct variety of J. communis. Juniper Trees are native to several regions throughout the world, including North America, Africa, Central America, and Asia. Cones and foliage on the specimen shown above [Jose Angel Campos Sandoval, 2006.06]. 1999. Architectural, Gravel, Ground Cover, Low Maintenance. saxatilis, is prostrate. It has needle-like leaves in whorls of three; the leaves are green, with a single white stomatal band on the inner surface. Salomonson, Ann. Juniperus – needle-leaf junipers; the adult leaves are needle-like, in whorls of three, and jointed at the base Juniperus sect. ): Flora of North America North of Mexico, Vol. Edited by Christopher J. Earle Also the Slovak alcoholic beverage Borovička and Dutch Jenever are flavoured with juniper berry or its extract. The tallest specimen currently living is likely a tree at Ryd, Skillingaryd, Sweden that was 17.20 m tall when measured in 2018 (Monumental Trees 2018; includes photos). Earle, 2004.09.04]. Use of fungicides to protect Juniperus species is not effective and has yielded disappointing results. 2100 m [Jose Angel Campos Sandoval, 2006.06]. Earle, 2010.06.26]. The common juniper as described above is the typical subspecies (J. communis subsp. The oil of Juniperus communis var. (Europe, Siberia, Central Asia, Far East, Greenland, Iceland, and far western North America). av Etnologiska sallskapet i Lund, 1979. Low spreading shrub or tree. Farjon (1998) recognized var. Tripartita. [25], As the cones need more than a year to become ripe, both ripe and unripe cones can be seen together, as on this tree on Saaremaa, Estonia, Juniperus communis subsp. At the species level, Common Juniper, Juniperus communis L., is uncontroversial (Stace 1997). Common juniper, Siberian juniper, dwarf juniper; genévrier commun [French], enebro común [Spanish]; gaagaagiwaandag [Ojibwe]. In Norway, the beer is brewed with juniper infusion instead of water, while in the other countries the juniper twigs are mainly used in the mash, as filters to prevent the crushed malts from clogging the outlet of the mashing tun. The only juniper species that occurs in both North America and Eurasia. A plant growing on exposed granitic rocks near the sea, Vinalhaven, Maine [C.J. Plant forming a mat in the depauperate understory of a shady Pinus ponderosa forest at Devils Tower, Wyoming [C.J. Juniperus communis var. Sect. megistocarpa (eastern Canada); and var. Earle, 2014.09.28]. Juniperus communis is the only Juniperus species that occurs in both hemispheres (). hemispherica (J. Earle, 2017.09.18]. Many infraspecific taxa have been described in this highly polymorphic species, but most are sympatric, or merge into each other where they meet. This area was cleared some decades earlier and this plant likely established from a bird-dispersed seed [C.J. With every size, from a low-shrub to a tall tree, Junipers will fit the needs for most homeowners. [11], Juniperus communis is one of Ireland's longest established plants. Flora Celtica. Post-Pleistocene geographic variation in Juniperus communis in North America. “saxatilis” populations from the Kamchatka peninsula and J. c. var. The common juniper, Juniperus communis, is the most widespread woody plant in the world, growing across Eurasia as well as North America. It was also frequently used for trenails in wooden shipbuilding by shipwrights for its tough properties. [no date]. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10], Some botanists treat subsp. 2017.07.26. Although they only treat species cultivated in the U.K. and Ireland, and the taxonomy is a bit dated, still these accounts are thorough, treating such topics as species description, range, varieties, exceptionally old or tall specimens, remarkable trees, and cultivation. This is the most widespread conifer in the world, native to temperate Eurasia, and North America N of Mexico, occupying an extraordinary range of habitats (Farjon 2005). Nearly continuous juniper cover on a subalpine hillside in the eastern Olympic Mountains of Washington. Transplanting: If you live where they grow, just transplant a small one - make sure you identify it before you move it. The seed cones are used to flavor gin (Adams 1993). Adams, Robert P. 1993. “hemispherica” from the Sierra Nevada, Spain, were very distinct from other J. c. var. Juniperus communis 'Compressa' (Common Juniper) is a dwarf, upright, cone-shaped, evergreen shrub forming a splendid exclamation point in the landscape. Juniper is a short to medium-height evergreen shrub, belonging to the genus Juniperus. Abstract. They are generally used to enhance meat with a strong flavour, such as game, including game birds, or tongue. Juniper Trees are diverse, with between 50 and 70 subspecies. & … Soc. 2n = 22" (Adams 1993). [no date]. This improved selection sports the same compact, bluish green foliage and upright habit, yet differs in its broader pyramidal shape and its better tolerance to wind, cold and reflected sun. The high ecological amplitude is typical of this species (Adams, 1998), it is frequent in dry pinewoods, on river valleys, and also occurs on wet soils. Juniperus communis L. is a volatile secondary metabolite essential oil-bearing and wide-spreading conifer. Relict populations can be found in the Atlas Mountains of Africa. Monumental Trees. It was blown over in a 2005 storm (Jakobsson 2017). This series of volumes, privately printed, provides some of the most engaging descriptions of conifers ever published. Foliage and mature seed cones on a plant at Burnham Beeches, west of London, UK [C.J. Section Caryocedrus (1 species) J. drupacea Labill. Bark brown, fibrous, exfoliating in thin strips, that of small branchlets (5-10 mm diam.) communis’), but three others are recognised by J. Amaral Franco in Boll. A plant growing above timberline with Pinus albicaulis on Mt. The Monumental Trees database also reports trees of 1.2 to 1.5 m girth growing in Latvia, Poland, and the Netherlands, with measurements from 2013 to 2015. Gotlandsdricka: Traditionell kultur som regional identitetssymbol, Anders Salomonsson, Skrifter utg. saxatilis Pall. Its astringent blue-black seed cones, commonly known as "juniper berries", are too bitter to eat raw and are usually sold dried and used to flavour meats, sauces, and stuffings. Cultivation. Salomonson (1999) reported that the largest tree "is found at Råå in the province of Närke. Juniperus communis 'Repanda' (Juniper 'Repanda') will reach a height of 0.5m and a spread of 2.5m after 10-20 years. Leaves green but sometimes appearing silver when glaucous, spreading, abaxial glands very elongate; adaxial surface with glaucous stomatal band; apex acute to obtuse, mucronate. Etymology: (Latin: juniper) eFlora Treatment Author: Robert P. Adams & Jim A. Bartel Reference: Adams & Nguyen 2007 Phytologia 89:43--57; Adams et al. Cooperative Extension, which staffs local offices in all 100 counties and with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. montana is also occasionally cited; others, primarily in eastern Europe and Russia, sometimes treat it as a distinct species J. sibirica Burgsd. This evergreen conifer has the largest geographical range of any woody plant, with a circumpolar distribution throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere from the Arctic south in mountains to around 30°N latitude in North America, Europe and Asia. It never attains adult foliage. communis: common; A number of cultivars are offered, including: Gold Cone Common Juniper The bright yellow foliage of the upright Juniperus communis ‘Gold Cone’ illuminates the garden, especially in winter. Earle, 2010.06.11]. For more … A number of varieties have been described. A tree-sized plant at Pinetum Blijdenstein in the Netherlands [C.J. Vom Halm zum Fass: Die volkstumlichen Alkoholarmen : Getreidegetranke in Finnland, Matti Räsänen, Kansatieteellinen arkisto, 1975. Adams, R. P., Pandey, R. N., Leverenz, J. W., Dignard, N., Hoegh, K., & Thorfinnsson, T. (2003). Various decorative items (often eating utensils) are common in most Estonian handicraft shops and households. Another tree, locally known as "Kungen" (the King), was 18 m tall, and grew at Röshult in Värnamo, Sweden. The junipers include roughly 60 different species of trees and shrubs in the Juniperus genus, within the cypress (Cupressaceae) family of plants.Although come junipers use the work cedar in their common names, these plants are not members of the Cedrus genus. The first choice is the Common Juniper (Juniperus communis). Juniperus sect. The following cultivars gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit in 1993:[14]. Juniper 'Pencil Point' Genus. A tree, about 5 m tall, at Burnham Beeches. jemail("earlecj", "gmail", "com"); Species In Genus: 67 species, 28 varieties: northern hemisphere except northeastern Africa. Earle, 2009.09.25]. It is the most widespread conifer growing in the world today. Size varies by cultivar, typically 5 to 10 feet high and 8 to 12 feet wide with ascending branches. A specimen in Sierra Nevada National Park, Spain, elev. The fruit are berry-like cones, initially green, ripening in 18 months to purple-black with a blue waxy coating; they are spherical, 4–12 mm (0.16–0.47 in) diameter, and usually have three (occasionally six) fleshy fused scales, each scale with a single seed. http://www.skogssverige.se/skog/skogen/eng/omtrad.cfm, accessed 1999.06.05, now defunct. Among other places, it is native to Croatia; Sweden; and the United States. In Estonia juniper wood is valued for its long lasting and pleasant aroma, very decorative natural structure of wood (growth rings) as well as good physical properties of wood due to slow growth rate of juniper and resulting dense and strong wood. With a range that big, it is very variable and seven distinctive varieties are recognized. [23], Juniper berries have long been used as medicine by many cultures including the Navajo people. sargentii, J. communis cv. According to the old tradition, on Easter Monday Kashubian (Northern Poland) boys chase girls whipping their legs gently with juniper twigs. communis L. (northern Europe), var. Since juniper berries have a strong taste, they should be used sparingly. https://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/ita/sardinia/carbonia/14586_spiaggiadipistispistisbeach/, accessed 2017.07.28. Quite prickly to the touch, the foliage of tightly packed, blue-green needles takes on copper-bronze shades in winter. This species is a popular subject for horticulture; this is a dwarf blue cultivar [C.J. Can tolerate hot sunny sites. Ages to 600 years have been reported without supporting data (Salomonson 1999). Earle, 2003.07.18]. The cones are used to flavour certain beers and gin (the word "gin" derives from an Old French word meaning "juniper"). Juniperus Juniperus. Juniperus communis 'Echiniformis' NC State University and N.C. A&T State University work in tandem, along with federal, state and local governments, to form a strategic partnership called N.C. Oxford University Press. Juniperus communis var. There are about 60 to 70 varieties of juniper, most of them native to the wilder parts of Asia, Europe, and North America. There are also many garden varieties, of which only a few can be mentioned. Juniperus communis, commonly called common juniper, is a dioecious, needled, evergreen conifer that grows in a variety of different shapes and forms in cool to cold areas of the Northern Hemisphere plus in one isolated population growing in the Atlas Mountains of Africa. Juniperus – cones with 3 separate seeds; needles with one stomatal band Juniperus communis – common juniper Juniperus communis subsp. [24] Western American tribes combined the berries of Juniperus communis with Berberis root bark in a herbal tea. 2018. Common juniperus (Juniperus communis) The Common juniper (Juniperus communis) is rarely offered as a bonsai although it is excellent as a bonsai. depressa Pursh (North America), var. Broteriana, Vol. Seeds 4-5 mm. The seeds are dispersed when birds eat the cones, digesting the fleshy scales and passing the hard, unwinged seeds in their droppings. A major study, including chemical characters, is needed to clarify the taxonomy" (Adams 1993). 36 (1962), pp. Monumental Trees. Earle, 2010.06.16]. Thus, the observed morphological differences are for the most part explainable on the basis of habitat differences, chiefly climate. 2017. This treatment follows Farjon (2005) in recognizing five varieties, but he cautions that further study is needed, and that variation within populations is comparable to the differences described between the varieties. These evergreens can reach as high as 130 feet tall, though some varieties offer low ground-cover instead. [3][4][5], As to be expected from the wide range, J. communis is very variable, with several infraspecific taxa; delimitation between the taxa is still uncertain, with genetic data not matching morphological data well. Although it attains the stature of a small tree elsewhere in the world, it usually takes the form of a low-spreading shrub in New England. Farjon (2005) provides a detailed account, with illustrations and details on the varieties. The three are: Common Juniper (Juniperus communis), the Creeping Juniper (Juniperus horizontalis) and the Chinese Juniper (Juniperus chinensis). This evergreen conifer has the largest geographical range of any woody plant, with a circumpolar distribution throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere from the Arctic south in mountains to around 30°N latitude in North America, Europe and Asia. Juniper wood, especially burl wood, is frequently used to make knife handles for French pocketknives such as the Laguiole. But it is a very variable species, and numerous forms have been described. Common juniper, Siberian juniper, dwarf juniper; genévrier commun [French], enebro común [Spanish]; gaagaagiwaandag [Ojibwe]. The narrow, columnar habit and dependable color make ‘Gold Cone’ a wonderful accent in many types of gardens. The male cones are yellow, 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) long, and fall soon after shedding their pollen in March–April. saxatilis Pallas,[4] though the name Juniperus communis var. Popular species of juniper that are used for landscaping purposes are: Juniperus virginiana, Juniperus horizontalis, Juniperus communis, and Juniperus chinensis. Variety or Cultivar 'Pencil Point' _ 'Pencil Point' is a dense, slow-growing, narrowly columnar, evergreen shrub with awl-shaped, sharp-pointed, grey-green leaves. Points plotted as tree icons represent isolated or approximate locations. Plant in any well-drained soil. Juniperus subsect. Oil distilled from the fleshy cones is used in flavorings (e.g., gin). Pan-Arctic variation in Juniperus communis: Historical Biogeography based on DNA fingerprinting. There are several varieties (var.) Despite being over a century old, they are generally accurate, and are illustrated with some remarkable photographs and lithographs. alpina – alpine juniper Miniature Common Juniper Juniperus communis ‘Miniature’ is more adaptable, durable, and dense than the popular J.c. ‘Compressa’. Resistant varieties of juniper are also available including Juniperus chinesis var. Foliage and mature seed cones on a subalpine plant at Sunwapta Pass, Alberta [C.J. Jakobsson, Fredrik. Earle, 2010.06.26]. Juniper shrubs are evergreen and are usually low spreading bush type plants. It responds well to shearing to achieve a dense, more narrow form and it will attain best color in full […] The tallest one ever found grew at Lake Glypen in the province of Östergötland, but it fell in a storm late in 1980; the fallen tree was measured at 18.5 m long. anthropological background of the brewing industry, Odd Nordland, Universitetsforlaget, 1969. North American (including Iceland and Greenland) distribution data from USGS (1999). Adams, R. P., & Nguyen, S. (2007). A 2016 measurement of a tree at Albero del Poeta, Italy, found a girth of 2.6 m (Monumental Trees 2017), and this is the largest current reliable record. Associated trees include Pseudotsuga menziesii and Pinus contorta [C.J. Brewing and beer traditions in Norway: The social Juniperus communis is very variable in form, ranging from 10 m (33 ft)—rarely 16 m (52 ft)—tall to a low, often prostrate spreading shrub in exposed locations. communis Juniperus communis var. Scientifically known as Juniperus communis, junipers have a wide range of excellent uses and benefits. This document is available online. 2. Branches spreading or ascending; branchlets erect, terete. Earle, 2010.06.16]. Juniper is used in the traditional farmhouse ales of Norway,[20] Sweden,[21] Finland,[22] Estonia, and Latvia. Common juniper 'Albero del poeta' at Spiaggia di Pistis - Pistis beach in Arbus. Forest Sweden: The Swedish Forests. Juniperus communis NC State University and N.C. A&T State University work in tandem, along with federal, state and local governments, to form a strategic partnership called N.C. communis–saxatilis populations. Analysis of Juniperus communis and its varieties based on DNA fingerprinting. Due to the age and lack of detail in that record, it must be treated as doubtful at this time. Taxa of Juniperus - 67 species, 28 varieties, 7 formas. See also Thompson et al. Slow growing, this columnar Juniper makes a wonderful specimen plant and is an excellent addition to the mixed border. It … [13], Juniperus communis is cultivated in the horticulture trade and used as an evergreen ornamental shrub in gardens. The currently accepted scientific name of common juniper is Juniperus communis L. (Cupressaceae) [45,47,54,67,132,135,136,]. The common juniper (Juniperus communis) is the most widely known edible Juniper species. J. nana Willd., J. alpina S.F.Gray). Regeneration is often asexual, by means of runners [C.J. Farjon did not recognize var. Earle, 2014.07.03]. They are generally crushed before use to release their flavour. Action of the Essential Oil on the Antioxidant Protection of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Model Organism", "Herbal Therapies and Diabetes Among Navajo Indians", European Forest Genetic Resources Programme, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juniperus_communis&oldid=999645047, Plants used in traditional Native American medicine, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from March 2016, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 11 January 2021, at 06:15. Suggested uses. associated with this species, but there is no general agreement as to the number or their identity. or subspecies (ssp.) A large plant growing with Abies concolor near Navajo Lake, Utah [C.J. "Shrubs or small trees dioecious, to 4 m (if trees, to 10 m), multistemmed, decumbent or rarely upright; crown generally depressed. [2]:55 It is dioecious, with male and female cones, which are wind pollinated, on separate plants. Juniperus communis bonsai have only needles (no scales), are extremely hardy, become very old and need little maintenance. Native Americans also used juniper berries as a female contraceptive. Cooperative Extension, which staffs local offices in all 100 counties and with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. (syn. charlottensis R.P. Spherical, waxy, females take two to three years to ripen from green to blue-black. https://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/swe/jonkoping/vaggeryd/19781_ryd/, accessed 2018.09.03. 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Though the name Juniperus communis var [ 11 ], Juniperus communis: Historical Biogeography based DNA..., females take two to three years to ripen from green to blue-black used... P., & Nguyen, S. ( 2007 ) in Ryd in Skillingaryd Jönköping. A volatile secondary metabolite essential oil-bearing and wide-spreading conifer only a few can be mentioned name common! Strong juniperus communis varieties, they should be used sparingly contorta [ C.J pocketknives such as Laguiole! Forest on the specimen shown above [ Jose Angel Campos Sandoval, ]... Finnish ale 1999.06.05, now defunct to a tall tree, about 5 m tall, at Burnham Beeches juniper... Become very old and need little maintenance to Croatia ; Sweden ; the. Juniperus – needle-leaf junipers ; the leaves are needle-like, in the genus Juniperus..! Wide range of excellent uses and benefits, Sweden ingredient in making sahti, traditional! ( Juniperus communis in North America, '' and search for `` Juniperus. `` their legs gently juniper... Adams 1993 ), this columnar juniper makes a wonderful specimen plant and is an excellent addition to mixed. A very variable and seven distinctive varieties are recognized a girth of 2,8 m. at breast-height. and is excellent..., 2006.06 ] common in most Estonian handicraft shops and households from (. 0.079–0.118 in ) long, and are illustrated with some remarkable photographs and lithographs plotted as tree icons isolated... With every size, from a bird-dispersed seed [ C.J is very variable,. Aquarius Plateau in Utah of Cherokee Indians in their droppings from other J. c. var remarkable photographs lithographs. Excellent addition to the old tradition, on Easter Monday Kashubian ( northern Poland ) boys chase girls their. Detailed account, with a single white stomatal band Juniperus communis ‘Gold Cone’ a wonderful accent in types... Between -39.9°C and -34.4°C ) ( Bannister and Neuner 2001, variety not specified ) the Laguiole in! Or ascending ; branchlets erect, terete was cleared some decades earlier this. 2,8 m. at breast-height. to ripen from green to blue-black ( J. communis var ( northern Poland ) chase! Their pollen in March–April thus, the common juniper in Ryd in Skillingaryd,,...? f=395 & t=8067, accessed 2001.11.28, now defunct many types gardens... A 2005 storm ( Jakobsson 2017 ) genus: 67 species, 28 varieties northern. The horticulture trade and used as medicine by many cultures including the Navajo people a! The following cultivars gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of garden juniperus communis varieties... Places, it is the most part explainable on the Aquarius Plateau in...., 2006.06 ] Siberia, Central America, Africa, Central America, and jointed at the species,... Decades earlier and this plant likely established from a low-shrub to a tall tree, junipers have strong... Alcoholic beverage Borovička and Dutch Jenever are flavoured with juniper twigs varies cultivar... Foliage and mature seed cones are used to flavor gin ( adams 1993 ) most variety... Commonly recognized North American varieties include: Juniperus virginiana, Juniperus communis junipers...