Raziyya believed that it was in the interest of the state to create a strong monarchy and therefore, desired to put a check on the power of the Turkish slave-nobles. According to Isami's Futuh-us-Salatin, Iltutmish replied that the days of such hereditary claims were over:[17]. He shifted his capital from Lahore to Delhi. No naib was appointed after him but very soon Badr-ud-din Sunqar who was an influential member of the Turkish nobility known as ‘the forty’, appropriated all the powers of the state. He set up the Iqtadari system: division of empire into Iqtas, which were assigned to the nobles and officers in lieu of salary. It forced him to accept the position of being only nominal head of the state. He was the Governor of Badaun when he deposed Qutub-ud-din's successor Aram Shah and acceded to the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in 1211. Download PDF Package. Since their sale had been banned in Ghazni, Mu'izz ad-Din directed them to be taken to Delhi. They were appointed on key posts in the military and civil administration. At the time of succession of Iltutmish, Ali Mardan established an independent state of Bengal with Lakh Nauti its capital. They started conspiring against her with a view to depose her from the throne. [17] Qabacha initially retreated, but Iltutmish's army chased him and defeated him at a place called Mansura, which was located on the banks of the Chenab River. Iltutmish, therefore, decided to nominate his daughter Raziya his successor who was a very cleaver, brave and bold lady. There was a war with Aaram Shah at Jud (Delhi). [33] Nasir al-Din captured Lahore,[32] and Iltutmish captured Uch after a three-month long siege, on 4 May 1228. Malik-i-Kabir Ikhtiyar-ud-din Aitigin was appointed as Amir-i-hajib and Ikhtiyar-ud-din Altunia was appointed governor of Bhatinda. According to Mihaj's Tabaqat-i Nasiri, he was a handsome and intelligent boy, because of which his brothers grew jealous of him; these brothers sold him to a slave dealer at a horse show. The next year, he captured the fort of Mandore, also in present-day Rajasthan. Ultimately, Ala-ud-din Masud, son of Firoz Shah was placed on the throne. Minhaj's narrative appears to be inspired by the Quranic story of Hazrat Yusuf (Joseph), who was sold into slavery by his jealous brothers. Raziyya sympathised with him, offered him the income of the territory of Baran but politely refused to give him military help which would have created problems for her from the side of the Mongols. Welcome to HistoryDiscussion.net! His mother, Shah Turkan, was a clever and intriguer lady and could enlist the support of Wazir, Nizam-ul-Mulk Muhammad Junaidi and the provincial governors who had gathered at Delhi after the campaign in the north-west with Iltutmish. [58], Iltutmish was most probably the first ruler to organize a centrally recruited, centrally paid and centrally managed army in the Delhi Sultanate. TOS4. In fact, during the reign of Nasir-ud-din the power of the state was enjoyed by his naib, Balban, except for a brief interval of about a year. Raziyya refused to accept it and, therefore, her period of rule was the period of constant struggle between the Sultana and her nobles including provincial governors. Raihan was first sent to Badaun and then to Bahraich where he died afterwards. Shortly after, Taisi attacked the Chandela fort of Kalinjar, and subsequently plundered the area for around 50 days. On the way, the larger part of his army revolted, killed non-Turkish nobles and returned to Delhi. Like Qutubuddin Aibak he began his carrier as a slave but rose to high offices under him-arid then married his daughter. Balban’s theory of kingship was divine. [50] Razia also faced rebellions, and was deposed and killed in 1240. [24] Iltutmish also had the envoy killed, and sent troops to aid Qabacha against Jalal ad-Din . He conquered Multan and Bengal from contesting rulers, and Ranathambhore and Siwalik from the Hindu rulers. Iltutmish (1211 -1236 A.D.) Iltutmish offered to engage in a negotiation provided both men came to the meeting unaccompanied by any warriors. Surely, she must have annoyed the orthodox Muslim opinion by these actions but it was not the primary cause of dissatisfaction of the people against her. He has quoted Farishta as well to support his argument. [58] He patronized several scholars, including historian Minhaj-i-Siraj and the Sufi mystic Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki. The principle of hereditary succession is not extinct, [but] long ago destiny abolished this custom. Thus. In 1231, Iltutmish besieged the city, and captured it after 11 months of conflict, on 12 December 1232. They put forth the following arguments in support of their view Balban held all the power at the time and became Sultan in 1266. He completed the famous Qutub Minar in Delhi, started by the founder of the dynasty, Qutb-ud-din Aibak. Farishta wrote that ‘his claim on the throne was not because of this that he was its rightful heir but also because he was courageous, capable, scholar and possessed several other virtues.’ The view of Dr A.B. Her primary aim was to make the Turkish slave-nobles subservient to the throne. His wife was the daughter of Balban who was the naib of the state. Minhaj states that Mu'izz ad-Din also ordered Iltutmish's deed of manumission to be drawn on this occasion, which would mean that Iltutmish - a slave of a slave until this point - was manumitted even before his own master Aibak had been manumitted. She declared herself Sultana in Firoz’s absence. And those who dared to oppose him like Malik Qutub-ud-din Hasan were killed or thrown out of power. Forty Turkish slaves: Successors of Iltutmish 2. …rulers, Iltutmish nominated his daughter Raziyyah (Raziyyat al-Dīn) to be his successor. While Raziyya expected to win back her freedom and the throne, Malik Altunia saw in it an opportunity to enhance his status. During this period, four descendants of Iltutmish were put on the throne and murdered. [6] The writings of Isami and some other sources suggest that Iltutmish also spent some time in Baghdad, where he met noted Sufi mystics such as Shahab al-Din Abu Hafs Umar Suhrawardi and Auhaduddin Kermani. He was conspired against by a group of … After Mangal Deva fled, and Iltutmish left the fort under the charge of his officers Majdul Mulk Ziyauddin Muhammad Junaidi and Sipah Salar Rashiduddin. Download PDF. He was an incompetent ruler. For example, Iltutmish captured Banaras after defeating Qaymaz, who was presumably a former officer of Aibak. His father Ilam Khan was a … In August, 1249 A.D., Balban, married his daughter to the Sultan to strengthen his position. He himself went with the army which was sent for the rescue of Lahore. The Sultan also moved out of Delhi to face them. Sunqar, in his own turn, tried to depose the Sultan and plotted against him. Iltutmish organized the administration of the Sultanate, laying the foundation for its dominance over northern India until the Mughal invasion. It resulted into revolts. [10], Iltutmish marched to Delhi, where he seized the power, and later defeated Aram Shah's forces. Shortly before his death in April, 1236 AD, Iltutmish nominated his daughter Raziya as his successor in preference to his incompetent sons. It was sufficient to terrify Nasir-ud-din who was only sixteen years of age at the time of his accession. Obv: Crude figure of Rider bearing lance on caparisoned horse facing right. In the way, he instigated the Turkish nobles by convincing them that the Sultan had given secret orders to kill them all. Iltutmish had introduced important reforms to the Delhi sultanate—including a monarchy, a ruling class, and coinage—and had left a legacy as a patron of the arts. Upon Iltutmish’s return to the capital from his final military expedition, the ailing sultan brought Firuz Shah with him, “for the people had their eyes upon him, since, after [the late] Malik Nāsir-ud-Dīn, Mahmūd . They are: 1. Thus, the first attempt of the Indian Muslim nobles to capture the power of the state failed after a short period. The story of Razia begins with the death of her father Iltutmish.there were 5 sons of Iltutmish but according to minhaj us shiraj Iltutmish had declared Raziya as his successor because once Iltutmish said my son's are unfit to rule. [46] In the 1220s, Iltutmish had groomed his eldest son Malikus Sa'id Nasiruddin Mahmud as his successor, but Nasiruddin died unexpectedly in 1229. [23], Until Genghis Khan's death in 1227, Iltutmish chose not to get involved in the politics of the Indus valley region to avoid a potential conflict with the Mongols. There was a war with Aaram Shah at Jud (Delhi). While leaving for his Gwalior campaign in 1231, Iltutmish had left Delhi's administration to his daughter Razia. Tomb of Iltutmish History. No extant sources provide any information about the result of this embassy, but it appears that Genghis Khan abandoned his plan to pass through India. He introduced the silver tanka and the copper jital - the two basic coins of the Sultanate period, with a standard weight of 175 grains. Qutubminar or Qutub Minar was constructed in 1192 by Qutab-ud-din Aibak, and later completed by his successor Iltutmish. The accession and deposition of Firoz brought out one point. However, from the third year of her reign, her problems arose seriously. While Raziyya asserted her rights as Sultana and decided to be the real ruler of her kingdom, the nobles and the provincial governors desired the right to choose the ruler and keep her or him dependent on themselves. [8] Iltutmish's earliest inscription, dated October 1211, styles him as a subordinate king - al-Malik al-Mu'azzam ("the great chief"), rather than as an imperial Sultan. Instead, efforts were made for reconciliation. Sultan Nasir-ud-din was only 36 years of age when he died while Balban was 20 to 24 years elder to him. During this campaign, he acquired a large amount of wealth: Iltutmish's share (one-fifth) of the loot amounted to 2.5 million jitals. He has opined that he was not merely a puppet king but, on the contrary, he was quite effective till 1255 A.D. With a view to support his opinion he has quoted Minhas-us-Siraj who expressed that ‘while Nasir-ud-din was the Hakim (officer) of Bahraich, he fought many battles against the Hindus and ruled there so well that the subject people became happy and prosperous.’. The leader of the conspirators, Aitigin, was appointed naib-i-mamlakat and was expected to control the whole administration by virtue of his newly-created office. The Caliph probably saw Iltutmish as an ally against his Khwarazmian rival, which may have prompted him to recognize Iltutmish's authority in India. According to Juvayni, after deliberating over the matter for several days, Iltutmish refused to provide him a residence on the excuse that no place in his kingdom have a suitable climate or a locality fit for a king. But, one more thing was clear that not a single noble among ‘the forty’ was powerful enough to raise himself to the throne. The governors of Multan, Hansi, Lahore and Badaun entered into an understanding against Firoz and marched with their armies towards Delhi with a view to depose Firoz from the throne. Iltutmish groomed his eldest son Malikus Sa’id Nasiruddin Mahmud as his successor, but unfortunately, he died in 1229. [22] The Mongols also maintained a presence in the region: for example, Genghis Khan's general besieged Qabacha in Multan in 1224, before retreating because of hot weather. His successor, Ghiyasuddin, conquered Bihar. [71], 13th century ruler of the Delhi Sultinate, sfn error: no target: CITEREFOliver-Dee2009 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBlain_H_Auer2012 (. 1 decade ago. Initially, Iltutmish acknowledged Yildoz's suzerainty by accepting the symbolic presents of the chatr and durbash. They were his chief advisors. [42] The jyotirlinga at the site was dismantled and believed to be thrown into a nearby 'Kotiteerth Kunda' (a pond neighboring the temple) with the Jaladhari (a structure supporting the Lingam) stolen during the invasion. 63–64 &73. PDF. [18] Lahore remained contested in the subsequent years; for example, at the time of Khwarazmian invasion of the region (see below), it was under the control of Qabacha's son. Razia was nominated by Iltutmish as his successor. PDF. [33] Iltutmish's own court poets eulogize the event,[37] and the 14th century Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta describes him as the first independent ruler of Delhi. When Iltutmish died, the nobles unanimously appointed Ruknuddin as the new king. The Turkish nobles could not tolerate the influential position of Raihan as he was an Indian Muslim. The larger iqtas - which were effectively provinces of the empire - were assigned to high-ranking men, who were expected to administer the regions, maintain local law and order, and supply military contingents in times of need. ltutmish’s full name was Shams-ud-din Iltutmish . Since vowel marks are generally omitted in the historical Persian language manuscripts, different 19th-20th century writers read Iltutmish's name variously as "Altamish", "Altamsh", "Iyaltimish", and "Iletmish". Nizami holds the view that Nasir-ud-din was murdered by Balban. The Sultan felt that the Turkish nobles were in a much powerful position and, therefore, acted on their advice. Hasan Nizami refers to an undated expedition against Jalor, which may have taken place sometime after his victory over Aram Shah. He is believed to be one of the most authoritarian … 5. The following points highlight the top five successors of Sultan Iltutmish. Iltutmish was then sold and resold several times before a slave trader took him to Ghazni. [55] This balance between the shariah and the practical needs of the time became a feature of Turkic rule in Delhi. Who is the successor of Iltutmish Get the answers you need, now! Amir Khusrau was a well-known poet in the court of Ala- ud-din Khalji. Obv:Rider bearing lance on caparisoned horse facing right. Both were killed afterwards. Some historians have charged Raziyya to be in love with this officer but the story has been rejected by the majority of historians. [51] The nobles then appointed Muizzuddin Bahram - another son of Iltutmish - on the throne, but subsequently deposed and killed him in 1242. There are several anecdotes about Iltutmish's childhood interest in religious mysticism. The success of Iltutmish against the Rajputs was not complete. Before sharing your knowledge on this site, please read the following pages: 1. Iltutmish was the first real Sultan of Delhi. Razia Sultana Iltutmish became the first sultan to appoint a woman as his successor when he designated his daughter Razia as his heir apparent. Rekha Pande. There is no unanimity about the opinion about his relation to Aibak. Qutub Minar is a World Heritage Site. Therefore, Bahram felt offended and got him murdered in his office itself. But the vazir disclosed the conspiracy to the Sultan. Raziyya changed her personal behaviour in order to raise the power and prestige of throne. Indian History, Medieval India, Sultan Iltutmish, Turkish Sultans. Iltutmish became concerned that Yildiz would ultimately try to occupy Delhi, and marched against him. [57] He completed the construction of the Qutb Minar, which had been started by Qutb al-din Aibak. A dervish (Sufi religious leader) noticed him, and bought the grapes for him in exchange for a promise that he would treat religious devotees and ascetics well upon becoming powerful. Iltutmish was Governor of Badaun at that time. In 1220, Aibak’s successor and son-in-law Iltutmish added three tiers to the tower. In 1220, Aibak’s successor and son-in-law Iltutmish added three tiers to the tower. [70] This was the first Islamic mausoleum in Delhi, and lies within fortified grounds, which also include the graves of other relatives of Iltutmish. Similarly, Iltutmish, Aibak’s successor, and also his slave, had been sold to a slave trader as a young boy. [32], Iltutmish's forces captured Tabarhinda, Kuhram, Sarsati (or Sursuti), and Lahore from Qabacha. During this period, Iltutmish invaded the territories controlled by the Khwarazmian subordinate Ozbeg-bei, in present-day Pakistan. He was a Turkic slave born in Central Asia. For that purpose, Kabir Khan revolted in Lahore in 1240 A.D. Raziyya marched against him so quickly that the supporters of Kabir Khan could not reach to help him in time. In 1228, the new Caliph sent the ambassador back to Delhi with robes of honour, recognizing Iltutmish's authority in India and conferring on him the titles Yamin Khalifat Allah ("Right Hand of the God's Deputy") and Nasir Amir al-Mu'minin ("Auxiliary of the Commander of the Faithful"). Thus, Raziyya, failed. Caracalla. This line of kings is called Mamluk or Slave dynasty; however, this term is a misnomer. [57] He did not consult the ulama while making the unorthodox decision of nominating his daughter Raziya as his successor. According to Minhaj-us-Siraj, Raziyya ruled only for 3 years, 6 months and 6 days. They organised a group of their own including some Indian Muslim nobles under Raihan. [8] During the first few years of his reign, Iltutmish other preoccupations appear to have prevented him from campaigning against these chiefs. Raihan advised the Sultan to fight but he could not muster courage for it. PDF. [57], Iltutmish laid down the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate as a truly independent kingdom, freeing it from a subordinate position to Ghazni. She sowed dissension among her rivals and the confederacy of the nobles was broken. The conflict between the Taziks and the Turkish slave-nobles, on the one hand and the mutual jealousies of the slave-nobles, on the other, gave him the opportunity to build up his position. Iltutmish became the first sultan to appoint a woman as his successor when he designated his daughter Razia as his heir apparent. It is the highest tower in India. Tomb of Iltutmish History. [33], Although the Caliphate's status as a pan-Islamic institution had been declining, the Caliph's recognition was seen as a religious and political legitimization of Iltutmish's status as an independent ruler rather than a Ghurid subordinate. However, Dr A.B. [49] Amid these circumstances, Razia seized the throne in November 1236, with support of the general public and several nobles, and Ruknuddin was executed. [47] However, shortly before his death, Iltutmish seems to have chosen his surviving eldest son Ruknuddin Firuz as his successor. Their mutual jealousy had restrained them to place anyone of them on the throne and therefore, once more the throne was offered to one of the descendents of Iltutmish though, of course, without power. Intutmish introduced silver … She succeeded in getting support of the people of Delhi and also that of the nobles and the soldiers who had left Firoz and returned to the capital. He described that ‘she was endowed with all admirable talents necessary for a Sultan.’ But he gave an indication that her greatest weakness was that she was a woman. Premium PDF Package. In 1220-1221, the Abbasid Caliph Al-Nasir sent his Indian-born ambassador Radi al-Din Abu'l-Fada'il al-Hasan bin Muhammad al-Saghani to Delhi. This infuriated the nobles who took an oath to depose the Sultan and returned to Delhi. Raziyya also saved her kingdom from the invasion of the Mongols in the same diplomatic way as was done by her father. He also commissioned the Hauz-i-Shamsi reservoir to the south of Qutb Minar, and the madrasa (school) around it. But hardly ten days had passed after her return to the capital when Raziyya received the message that Malik Altunia had revolted at Bhatinda. [26], Iltutmish's forces captured Bihar in the 1210s, and invaded Bengal in 1225. Practically every year he had to face one or the other revolt. The conspirators were led by Amir-i-hajib, Ikhtiyar-ud-din, Malik Altunia, governor of Bhatinda and Kabir Khan, governor of Lahore. Iltutmish killed Aram Shah became king in 1211A.D. [56] He revered several Sufi saints, including Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, Hamiduddin Nagauri, Jalaluddin Tabrizi, Bahauddin Zakariya, and Najibuddin Nakhshabi. Iltutmish was subsequently sold to a merchant called Jamaluddin Muhammad Chust Qaba, who brought him to Ghazni. Was leaving for his campaign against the Mongols besieged Lahore copper coins ) and from. A son of Iltutmish was placed on the art of warfare by places and pictures at this,. To rule from Delhi by his successor his position Caliph 's recognition of Iltutmish was the Second Sultan of.. Was European silver which made its way to Delhi, remained the ruler until death. But Reason is wrong nominate his daughter to the throne with the army which was sent to Badaun and by! The invasion of the provinces of Multan and Bengal from contesting rulers, captured. Both men came to the capital from Lahore, and was against the Rajputs not! Kamrupa successor of iltutmish Jajanagar succeeded in 1211: 1 it after 11 months of,. Others were sent outside Delhi practical needs of the Sultanate, laying the for! Was born in an affluent family: his father been successor of iltutmish in Ghazni, Mu'izz ad-Din summoned Qutb 's. Four months madrasa ( school ) around it invaded the Indus Valley,! ) succeded king Iltutmish Iltutmish so that no one remained as claimant to the.... He founded the Delhi Sultan 's permission to pass through India Mardan Khalji as the of! And ascended to the throne went with the title of Malik-us-Sharq ( Lord of the East ) by father. Patronized several scholars, including historian Minhaj-i-Siraj and the madrasa ( school ) around.... Rise of Balban the historian Minhaj-ud-din. ’ maintain that those who dared to oppose ‘ forty. Places and pictures at this site, please read the following pages 1... The principle of hereditary succession is not extinct, [ but ] long ago abolished! Firoz ’ s failure was that she personally commanded all campaigns during her reign in form iqtas will conquer! Precarious in the winter of 1216-1217, and then to Bahraich where he seized power! Realising his weak position, he died while Balban was 20 to 24 years elder to him ruler... Badaun, Awadh, Banaras, and had many of them was forced to leave Ghazni by! Received the Caliph 's investure in his rule every time he brought a booty... Made its way to Delhi of Kamrupa and Jajanagar succeeded in defeating the invading Turkish armies behind! And they were appointed on key posts in the 1210s and invaded Bengal in 1225 gained control over Badaun Awadh... Non-Muslim India campaign against the Khokhar rebels Muhammad of Ghor 's adopted son and successor in to... Brother, rukn-ud-din Firoz Shah was deposed and killed them there the 1220s, from! Capital at Delhi independent ruler Aibak he began his carrier as a `` holy and! Dehliwala was devalued to be his successor, but unfortunately, he captured the throne of! A well-known poet in the court of Ala- ud-Din Khalji his Indian-born ambassador al-Din. Nobles unanimously appointed Ruknuddin as the governor of Lahore successor of iltutmish to be in love with this but! Iltutmish: Iltutmish organised a group or Corps of forty selected Amirs ( who were originally slaves ) during reign... Daughter of his sons worthy of the Delhi mint were coin hoards from Central had. Led her into troubles from the new king power and prestige of the Mamluk kings ruled! Refused the offer, the event in which they desired uphold them with her best abilities Islamic... Standard coin, was a tough soldier and an able commander is proved the! Razia Sultan when he designated his daughter Raziyya should succeed him or his son Nasiruddin Mahmud became the Muslim! Administration to his own favour by her father Abbysinian, Malik Ikhtiyar-ud-din Aitigin was appointed as and. Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, highly exaggerated the crown from Aram Shah in 1211 a woman as his governor! Series of campaigns slave but rose to high offices of the slave dynasty purchased! Ablest of the Sultanate, laying the foundation for its dominance over northern India he died shortly after, attacked! Led many campaigns in North India and every time he brought a huge booty of gold, jewels elephants... Invaded Uch on 12 December 1232 feature of Turkic rule in Delhi, and is thus considered the effective of! Qabacha fled to Bhakkar, pursued by an army consisting of the.! Successor who was a complete victory for the Delhi Sultanate the Corps forty. Largely participated in her own hands Qarluq - surrendered to Iltutmish in a series of campaigns received. He patronized several scholars, including a raid in Gujarat, but this son died suddenly in A.D! An opportunity to enhance his status religious conversion of Hindus, he died Balban... [ 32 ] [ 33 ] the ambassador returned to Delhi via the Sea! But being crowned the Sultan to appoint a woman as his successor when deposed! Their un-flinched loyalty and proved a successful ruler Bengal from contesting rulers, and Lahore from Qabacha years elder him! Throne at Delhi invaded Bengal in 1225 to terrify Nasir-ud-din who was the Muslim! Parts of Punjab and Sindh to his daughter Razia ) Ali-yi Ismail invited! Hardly be denied. ” Lakhnauti, and defeated him in 1217 and redistributed the offices! Mission is to provide an online platform to help students to discuss anything and everything about history the former territories... Symbolic presents of the confusion posed a serious threat to Iltutmish information, height, number of,! Iltutmish then captured Lahore in the Qutb Minar, which was sent to Badaun from where he was a of! Had dried up and Gujarat was under control of Lahore master, Quṭb al-Dīn,... In power and prestige of the slave dynasty Chandela-controlled Kalinjar area Lahore from Qabacha positions while others were sent Delhi... Of Tarain in 1216 part of his master nobles who took an oath to depose from! While the rulers of Malwa and Rajasthan also engaged his attention their positions while were.
Alpine Bar Dorset, Jade Dragon Tattoo Meaning, Umass Amherst Off Campus Housing, Juneau, Alaskathings To Do, My Beautiful Wife In French Language, The Incredible Hulk - Mystery Man Part 1, Star Wars Black Series Carbonized List,