Earlier that year the Tchaikovsky family chose to live together with the family of Ilya's brother Pyotr (1789–1871), a retired general, in a large apartment on Vasilyevsky Island, an arrangement that lasted for three years. In, Karlinsky, Simon, "Russia's Gay Literature and Culture: The Impact of the October Revolution". Tchaikovsky was torn by ambivalent feelings on the subject of sexuality and marriage. The judgment of posterity has proved him right. [170] Tchaikovsky's focus on pleasing his audience might be considered closer to that of Mendelssohn or Mozart. During its composition, he lost Ostrovsky's part-finished libretto. Tchaikovsky undertook several attempts at divorce between 1878 and 1880, but without success, since for a long time Antonina continued to believe in the possibility of some sort of future "reconciliation", and refused to agree to what her husband proposed, thereby invoking his wrath, with accusations of stupidity, suspicions of "blackmail", etc. Performed by the Skidmore College Orchestra, courtesy of, Performed by the Skidmore College Orchestra. But as well as accurate information there appeared a series of conflicting accounts, which led to the appearance of the most ridiculous rumours and conjectures. Alexander III highly revered the composer's talent, and members of the Imperial family frequently attended Tchaikovsky's operas and ballets, buying up new editions of Tchaikovsky's music to play at home. From Vienna the composer travelled to be a guest of the German pianist Sophie Menter at Itter Castle, in the Tyrol, and thereupon to Prague in order to attend their first performance of The Queen of Spades. Struggling for recognition, the young composer started work on another opera, this time based on a Russian translation of Friedrich de la Motte-Fouqué's famous tale Undina. Within Russia he became even more than that—he was considered a national treasure, and his music admired and adored by all strata of society. [75], Relevant portions of his brother Modest's autobiography, where he tells of the composer's same-sex attraction, have been published, as have letters previously suppressed by Soviet censors in which Tchaikovsky openly writes of it. He rushed to Paris to pay his last respects to Rubinstein, and in December he began working on a musical memorial, the Piano Trio dedicated "to the memory of a great artist" (Op. He was the second son of Ilya Petrovich Tchaikovsky, a mining engineer and manager of the Kamsko-Votkinsk iron works, and his wife Aleksandra Andreyevna Tchaikovskaya (née Assier). [140], There has also been the fact that the composer did not follow sonata form strictly, relying instead on juxtaposing blocks of tonalities and thematic groups. In his later years, Tchaikovsky was often overcome by feelings of homesickness that afflicted him whenever he left Russia, and now he even abandoned a concert for which he had been engaged in Holland — going instead to Paris before heading home. Here is my assignment: While his music has remained popular among audiences, critical opinions were initially mixed. Tchaikovsky refused. Russia had no legal ban on homosexuality until Peter the Great in the early 18th century, and even then the ban only extended to the army. But this question turned out to be of secondary importance, even considering the growing criticism of restaurant procedures which permitted the use of unboiled water. Because of his professionalism, Maes says, he worked hard at this goal and succeeded. [50]. ), which eventually led to Tchaikovsky's death. The main work of 1882–83 was the opera Mazepa, based upon Pushkin's epic poem Poltava. I can't keep up with the themes/timbres/whatever, which makes it very difficult to complete assignments. From that reconciliation, he forged a personal but unmistakably Russian style. The battle of Borodino, 7 September 1812. The Russian obsession with love and death, themes that permeate the story of the young lovers from Verona, almost immediately fired Tchaikovsky's imagination. In April Tchaikovsky began to compose the Eighteen Pieces, Op. Artôt, having studied under the famous French singer Pauline Viardot, began singing with the Paris Opera in 1858. Conservative critics, he adds, may have felt threatened by the "violence and 'hysteria' " they detected and felt such emotive displays "attacked the boundaries of conventional aesthetic appreciation—the cultured reception of art as an act of formalist discernment—and the polite engagement of art as an act of amusement". Although he was upset by the news, Tchaikovsky recovered from the disappointment quite quickly, as could be expected. Despite the scepticism of many, he adamantly held to the belief that the music of this opera belonged among the finest in the world. That March, Tsar Alexander III conferred upon him the Order of St. Vladimir (fourth class), which included a title of hereditary nobility[99] and a personal audience with the Tsar. It was on this morning that the police were informed of the composer's illness. [97] First performed privately at the Moscow Conservatory on the first anniversary of Rubinstein's death, the piece became extremely popular during the composer's lifetime; in November 1893, it would become Tchaikovsky's own elegy at memorial concerts in Moscow and St. Stunned by the recent tragedy, the public was especially sensitive to the "funereal" moods of several passages in the symphony. Some time later, at the end of 1876, he fell deeply in love with his conservatory student Iosif Kotek. In January 1868 he became friendly with the self-appointed leader of the group, Mily Balakirev, whom he sent a score of his new tone-poem Fatum, which did not meet with Balakirev's approval. Tchaikovsky agreed and finished it within six weeks. [173][a 15] Tchaikovsky also used the polonaise frequently, the dance being a musical code for the Romanov dynasty and a symbol of Russian patriotism. During the voyage, and throughout his American visit, he kept a diary of his experiences. In the spring of 1866 Tchaikovsky made the acquaintance of the actor and baritone Konstantin de Lazari. Throughout the winter months the work progressed steadily and was finished by 10/22 April 1876. The Battle of Borodino, the event that Tchaikovsky’s 1812 Overture commemorates, was the key battle of the Napoleonic Wars, and also its bloodiest. The fact remains that, despite her ruined family life and perennial pain, not once did Antonina attempt to "avenge" her husband. His grades were reported as: theory and instrumentation—excellent; organ—good; piano—very good; conducting—satisfactory. [131], According to Brown and musicologists Hans Keller and Daniel Zhitomirsky, Tchaikovsky found his solution to large-scale structure while composing the Fourth Symphony. During this time, he completed Eugene Onegin, orchestrated his Fourth Symphony, and composed the Violin Concerto. Back in Russia by the autumn, he began a Second Piano Concerto. Discussion of Tchaikovsky's personal life, especially his sexuality, has perhaps been the most extensive of any composer in the 19th century and certainly of any Russian composer of his time. On 28 October/9 November, after a funeral service at the Kazan Cathedral and a grand public procession down Nevsky Prospect, with the participation of dozens of delegations from various cities, organizations and institutions, the composer's body was interred at the Tikhvin Cemetery of the Saint Aleksandr Nevsky Monastery. Most importantly, however, his impulsive marriage helped him to realise that his homosexuality could not be changed and had to be accepted as it was. His Rococo pastiches also may have offered escape into a musical world purer than his own, into which he felt himself irresistibly drawn. [94] He also warned conductor Eduard Nápravník that "I shan't be at all surprised and offended if you find that it is in a style unsuitable for symphony concerts". The 1812 Overture was written to commerate the victory of Russia in the Napoleonic War in 1812. Iosif Kotek arrived in Vienna at the end of November, and spent some time with the brothers travelling. At the first of these concerts, on 20 May/1 June Tchaikovsky was represented by his Fourth Symphony, which appears to have been an enormous success. He returned to Russia seized by an intense desire to prove to himself and others that he was capable of better things than The Oprichnik. Most probably he thought that he could act on his inclinations for as long as possible, but that, when it became absolutely necessary, he could simply abandon these habits. The threat of suicide, made in the last letter Antonina wrote before their meeting, cannot be considered a serious factor in Tchaikovsky's eventual decision; in the context of the entire letter, this "threat" seems to be no more than a device in the tradition of sentimental models from so-called "letter books," which were popular at the time and which contained samples of fictional letters for all occasions [37]. Sometimes he used Western-style melodies, sometimes original melodies written in the style of Russian folk song; sometimes he used actual folk songs. Discussing with Modest the possibility of the three of them living together the following year, the composer touched upon another issue which no doubt had been weighing heavily on his mind: "I do not want evil tongues to wound an innocent child, about whom they would inevitably say that I am preparing him to be my own lover, moreover, a mute one, in order to elude idle talk and rumours" [27]. CAMILLE SAINT-SAËNS Camille Saint-Saëns was known as a talented musician from an early age. [89] He returned briefly to the Moscow Conservatory in the autumn of 1879. He worked so vigorously, that in the week after his arrival, the first movement of the symphony was already complete, and the rest was clearly outlined in his head. On 14/26 November Tchaikovsky conducted another very successful concert in Moscow consisting of his own works, including the premiere of his suite Mozartiana. During this time hundreds of people came to bid farewell to the composer, dozens of wreaths were laid, and several more memorial services were given. At times, his rhythms became pronounced enough to become the main expressive agent of the music. While he never doubted the quality of his art, the composer was genuinely modest and sensitive to unfavourable feedback. Материалы и исследования, том 1, Последняя болезнь и смерть П. И. Чайковского, Tchaikovsky. 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